In Arabidopsis, the clock coordinates aspects of photoperiodic flowering primarily through the regulation of GIGANTEA (GI) ( Song et al., 2015). For example, mis-expression of some clock components ( CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1/CCA1, EARLY FLOWERING 3/ELF3, PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR 9/PRR9, TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1/TOC1, etc.) results in altered hypocotyl growth and flowering ( Nagel and Kay, 2012 Huang and Nusinow, 2016 Nakamichi, 2020). The clock is also involved in regulating several critical developmental phenotypes. Several recent transcriptome studies indicate that the time of day impacts the plant transcriptional response to abiotic stimulus ( Wilkins et al., 2010 Blair et al., 2019 Grinevich et al., 2019 Bonnot et al., 2021 Markham and Greenham, 2021). For example, the clock regulates 40–50% of genes involved in plant abiotic stress responses ( Covington et al., 2008). Through a coordinated and interconnected series of transcriptional–translational feedback regulations between multiple components, the clock modulates the expression of a large proportion of the transcriptome in plants. The circadian clock consists of an expansive regulatory network, which enables eukaryotic organisms to synchronize their metabolism, physiology, and development to daily and seasonal environmental changes ( Greenham and McClung, 2015 Creux and Harmer, 2019). These results provide insights into how the clock-controlled CDF6 modulates plant development during moderate cold stress. Gene ontology enrichment further suggests that CDF6 regulates circadian and developmental-associated genes. Analysis of key floral regulators indicates that CDF6 alters flowering during cold stress by repressing photoperiodic flowering components, FLOWERING LOCUS T ( FT), CONSTANS ( CO), and BROTHER OF FT (BFT). A genome-wide transcriptome analysis links CDF6 to genes associated with flowering and seed germination during cold and ambient temperatures, respectively. CDF6 mis-expression results in an altered flowering phenotype during both ambient and cold stress. We found that the clock gates CDF6 transcript accumulation in the vasculature during cold stress. Here, we examine the function of the clock-regulated transcription factor, CYCLING DOF FACTOR 6 (CDF6), during cold stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. The circadian clock represents a critical regulatory network, which allows plants to anticipate environmental changes as inputs and promote plant survival by regulating various physiological outputs. 2Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States. 1Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.
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